What do Kirchhoff's voltage and current laws state?

• A. KVL states the sum of voltages around a loop is zero; KCL states the sum of currents entering a node equals the sum leaving.
• B. KVL states the sum of currents around a loop is zero; KCL states the sum of voltages entering a node equals the sum leaving.
• C. KVL states the energy in a loop is conserved; KCL states currents are always equal at a node.
• D. KVL relates resistance to impedance; KCL relates power to current.

Answer: (A)

Kirchhoff's laws express conservation principles in circuits. The voltage law states that the algebraic sum of all voltages around any closed loop is zero, so the rises and drops cancel out as you travel the loop. The current law states that the algebraic sum of currents at a junction is zero, meaning the currents entering a node equal the currents leaving it. This reflects charge conservation at a node.

The described statement matches these ideas by asserting voltages around a loop sum to zero and currents at a node balance between entering and leaving. The other options mix up voltages and currents, or phrase the ideas imprecisely (for example, currents being always equal at a node is not the precise way KCL is stated), and KVL/KCL do not relate resistance to impedance or power in the way those options suggest.